quarta-feira, 26 de fevereiro de 2025

Coronha Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn., a planta das flores perfumadas

 

Coronha Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn., a planta das flores perfumadas


Nomenclatura e classificação científica


   Planta conhecida popularmente como coronha, corona, clorona, esponja, esponjeira, esponjinha, espinheiro, espinilho, acácia doce, aromas, aromita, arapiraca, vinhático-de-espinho, coroa-de-cristo  e corona-cristi. Porém seu nome científico válido é único, Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn.. Essa espécie pertence a família Fabaceae, da qual também fazem parte por exemplo, o Angico, a Sucupira e o Pau-brasil.

Aspectos biológicos da espécie Vachellia farnesiana


   Coronha(Vachellia farnesiana) é de porte geralmente arbustivo atingindo cerca de 3m de altura, com copa fechada, ramos cilíndricos e tortuosos revestidos por uma casca quase lisa e com lenticelas. Suas folhas são compostas bipinadas, com 12 a 23 pares de folíolos e tem estípulas que se transformam em espinhos. Tem flores pequenas amarelas ou alaranjadas que juntas formam inflorescência do tipo capítulo, estas são  muito aromáticas e tem cheiro forte adocicado. Floresce frequentemente de junho a setembro. O fruto dessa planta é do tipo legume indeiscente que possui bastante polpa carnosa-esponjosa entre as sementes.

Aspectos ecológicos da espécie Vachellia farnesiana


   Planta decídua( suas folhas caem em determinado período) e heliófita( adaptada a viver em ambiente exposto a luz), a  Coronha(V. farnesiana) é considerada espécie pioneira e típica de formações vegetais secundárias em ambientes secos e ou pedregosos. Ocorre mais frequentemente em pastagens, as margens de estradas e também é cultivada próxima a construções humanas devido ao cheiro forte de suas flores. Produz elevada quantidade de sementes anualmente.

Importância e usos da espécie Vachellia farnesiana


    A Coronha(V. farnesiana) apresenta valor ornamental devido a beleza das flores com cheiro adocicado que é útil para produção de perfume e também são melíferas, sendo visitadas por abelhas. A sua madeira é pesada, resistente e possui boa durabilidade o que torna ela muito indicada para "confecção de dormentes, moirões, esteios, eixos, rodas, rolos para moendas, construção civil, peças de resistência, cabos de instrumentos, bem como para lenha e carvão (LORENZI, 1998)". As folhas são forrageiras, mas também são indicadas na medicina popular para aplicação em ferimentos, enquanto que os frutos são indicados tradicionalmente para combater inflamações na pele e disenterias. Além disso, na medicina tradicional as raízes dessa planta são indicadas em tratamento alternativo da tuberculose.

Distribuição geográfica e ocorrência da espécie Vachellia farnesiana


   Coronha(V. farnesiana) é nativa com ampla distribuição neotropical, ocorrendo desde o México até o  Brasil, onde é encontrada em todas as regiões, principalmente no Nordeste, sendo confirmada nos biomas Caatinga, Cerrado, Mata Atlântica e na Amazônia. Durante as minhas excursões pelo estado do Rio Grande do Norte, tenho observado essa espécie nas mesorregiões Leste Potiguar, Central Potiguar e Oeste Potiguar.

Referências

BRAGA, Renato. Plantas do nordeste, especialmente do Ceará. Fortaleza: coleção mossoroense-volume XLII,1976. 

LORENZI, H. Árvores brasileiras: manual de identificação e cultivo de plantas arbóreas nativas do Brasil. Nova Odessa: Plantarum, 1998. 2.ed. v.2.

PARROTTA, J. A. 1992. Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.–Aroma, huisache. Research Note SO-ITF-SM-49.U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,.Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans. 6.

QUEIROZ, L. P. Leguminosas da caatinga. Universidade estadual de Feria de Santana: UEFS, 2009. 467p.

SILVA, Kelina B. ; Pinto, M. do S. de C. e Souza,N. A. de. Morfometria de frutos e diásporos de Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.. Revista Verde (Mossoró – RN - Brasil), v 9. , n. 2 , p. 76 - 82, abr-jun 2014.

VACHELLIA in Flora do Brasil 2020 em construção. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Disponível em: <http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB114576>. Acesso em: 19 set. 2020.

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